21、公共演讲的艺术
1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does,
you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from
studying public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching TOPics, organizing your ideas,
and presenting yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable1 for every type of communication.
1、在你生活的某个时刻，几乎一定需要做某种有影响力的公开演讲。当这个时刻来到时，你期望自己十分有把握。但，即使你从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多。你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路、和表现方法方面对你进行练习。这种练习对任何种类的交流都是很宝贵的。
2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals of
speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In
conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas
logically. You tailor your message to your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback
from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.
2、在公开演讲和平时交谈之间有很多类似的东西。演说的三个主要为了：传达、说服、吸引，这类也是平时交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中，你已经不假思索地用不少方法。你有条理地组织你的看法，你依据听众修改信息。你选择讲述某个故事以获得最大的成效。你从听众的反馈中改变自己。这类是你在公开演讲时所需要的非常重要的方法。
3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly
structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires more
detailed2 preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language.
Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon3, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking
demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work
at avoiding distracting physical mannerism4 and verbal habits.
3、当然，公开演说不同于交谈。第一，公开演讲比交谈要有更高的组织结构性。公开演说者一般受严格的时间限制，故此它需要比普通交谈更细致的筹备。第二，公开演说需要用正式语言。听众对充满俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极。第三，公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势。有影响力的演说者调整他的声调去面对很多的观众，力求防止分散人注意力的身体习惯动作，力求防止习惯性口头语。
4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful
speakers are nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence
and make your nervousness work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage
fright if you think positively5, choose speech TOPics you really care about, prepare thoroughly6, and concentrate on
communicating with your audience. Like many students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.
4、在任何一个演讲教室里，学生最主要的担忧之一就是怕上台。事实上，最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你一个获得信心的机会，叫你的紧张的神经帮你而不是妨碍你。假如你能如此积极地考虑，你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向迈进一大步：选择你真的关心的演讲主题，充分地筹备，集中精力与你的听众交流。好似过去的很多同学一样，你同样可以在你的演讲能力上提升信心。
5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener,
feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates7 a speech transaction. Whatever the
speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel. The listener receives the
communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that impedes8 the
communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
5、语言交流的过程，整体而言包含七个要点：演说者、信息、交流渠道、听众、反馈、外面干扰、和现场形态。演说者是演讲事件的开始者。演说者传递的是信息，它必经某种特定交流渠道传送出去。听众同意传达到的信息，并且向演说者提供反馈。外面干扰是妨碍信息交流的任何事物，而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地址。这七个要点的相互用途决定任何状况下演说交流的成效。
6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical9 responsibilities. Ethical speakers use
sound means to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say,
by using sound evidence, and by employing valid10 reasoning.
6、由于演讲是力量的一种表现形态，它承载着非常重的道德责任。有道德的演说者用声音的方法去达成声音的目的。他们通过非常不错讲解他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过用靠谱的论据、与通过正确的评论做这件事。